We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Jun 24, 20 although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. This implies a precise control surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and. The principle involved in chain survey is of triangulation. Ground fairly level and open with simple details 2. Geodetic surveyingplane surveying does not take into account the curvature ofthe earths surface, and the surface of the earth is treated as aplane surface. In chain surveying, various equipment and instruments are used for measuring distances prc, what is the bleeding of concrete. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Chain surveying is actually done with a 100 steel tape that has a temperature correction at the zero end of the tape. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided.
Full text of the principles of surveying internet archive. The surveyors chain of 100 links is identified with edmund gunter, who introduced such a chain in 1620, although chains divided decimally had existed earlier. For most engineering projects such as canal, railway, highway, building, pipeline, etc constructions, this type of surveying is. For small areas less than 250 km2 plane surveying can safely be used. While the old chainage method is antiquated, surveyors such as votex surveying company still use chainage as part of construction surveys today. In chain survey, the area to be surveyed is divided into a framework consisting of triangles.
Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and test. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. Principles of chain survey a triangle is a simple figure which can be plotted from the lengths of three sides even if the angles are not known. To work from the whole to the part to locate a new station by at least two measurements linear or angular from fixed reference points. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. In chain surveying, the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. It is the exercise of physically measuring horizontal distances. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles which should be well conditioned.
In the chain surveying, you have studied the basics of chain surveying. Surveyors chain definition, see under chain def 8a. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. Field work in chain survey surveying in civil engineering. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. Chain surveying is the basic and oldest type of surveying. Chain surveying is the simplest form of survey in which surveying area is segregated into a number of triangles and the sides of different triangles are calculated directly in the field through a chain or a tape and no angular measurements are chosen. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob. Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale.
Teacher notes and instructions for chain surveying activity. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Enrol today in our site and get access to our study package comprising of video lectures, study material, practice questions and. Hence chain surveying is some times called chain triangulation. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their selection. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Categories surveying tags arrows, arrows used in chain surveying, chain, chain survey, chain surveying, field work in chain survey, guide to chain surveying, guide to surveying and levelling, instruments used in chain survey, iron pegs, marking stations, ranging rods, reconnaissance survey, surveying in civil engineering, tape, wooden pegs in. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. Line up these sometimes it helps to have one of the assistants maintain one alignment while the surveyor does the other. Traverse, procedures of chain surveying, assignment help. Mar, 2018 chain surveying with all equipment chain,arrow,pegs,ranging rod,offset rod duration.
Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of. According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by main stations i. Various units of length used for surveying in the englishspeaking world, all consisting of 100 links. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a timecross staff. This means that the area to be surveyed is divided into a n umber of small triangles which should be well conditioned. Chain surveying and linear measurements surveying youtube. Plotting chain surveys independent learners may wish to practice plotting chain or linear surveys. Chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. Chain is most recommended for initial survey process.
Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area to be surveyed into a network of connected triangles. Chain surveying is suitable for the following cases. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chain men to always read chain from a. Surveying, types of obstacles in chain surveying, civil. It brings together expert coverage of surveying principles, remote sensing and other new advances in technological instrumentation, and modern applications for everything from mapping to engineering. Apr 06, 2017 a chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part.
Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. If the area to be surveyed is more than km2, the anglesmeasured on the surface of the earth can not be in a planesurface, but are in a curved. Chain surveying is the branch of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles. This activity requires a minimum of four children in the active roles but works with groups of eight to. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil. Chain surveying method in civil engineering, how to perform.
Following are the various types of chain in common use. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. It is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. Throughout the construction period a surveyor assists the work as necessary. Principles of chain surveying chain surveying procedure. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob hangs directly above the point on the ground.
It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Conclusion in conclusion, there are so many important uses for land surveying, and most of us depend on. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. Surveying lecture notes pdf difference between dumpy level and auto level. Touhid ahamed faculty iubat chain surveying definition chain survey is the simplest type of survey in which the area to be surveyed is divided into a. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. What are the obstacles in chain survey and methods to correct. A chain is used as a unit of measure, equaling 22 yards 66 feet, which was the length of gunters chain. Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and gun direction of weapons in the field, triangulation methods were apparently not used by the roman specialist land surveyors, the agromensores. Any discussion of ohio lands must start with a brief history, so here we go. Unless chain is laid over perfectly flat surface is must be held above surface by chainmen, it is impossible to apply enough tension to chain to prevent chain from sagging resulting in length measured being shorter than actual length of chain. Calibrate chain to read accurately when held tensioned, train chainmen to always read chain from a. Chain surveying is not suitable for large areas having many details.
The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. Although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation.
Angles of triangles must not be less than 30 degree and greater than 120 degree. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i. Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line the length of the ranging rod is either 2m or 3m. Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. A traverse is a framework of survey lines obtained by connecting a series of survey lines in which the length and direction of survey lines are measured with the help of tape and angle measuring instrument. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying. Chain surveying requires chain, tape and ranging rods. As expected, the construction surveyor conducts a construction survey which plays an important part of the whole construction project. It measured one chain by one furlong totaling 10 square chains. Chain surveying the arrangement of triangles to be adopted in the field depends on the shape, topography and the natural or artificial obstacles met with. The chain was a precision part of a surveyors equipment and, as such, had to be calibrated and adjusted frequently, yet. Effective beginning with the october 2005 examinations the exam is a 6hour openbook exam. Chain surveying most accurate method for making direct measurements a chain is formed of straight links of galvanized wires mild steel bent into rings at the ends and joined each other by three small circular or oval wire rings. Chain surveying part1 measurement of distances chain.
Principle of chain surveying, surveying and levelling. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. It contains 67 multiplechoice questions in the 4hour morning session, and 33 multiplechoice questions in the 2hour afternoon session. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. In the 1600s, the english crown believed it owned all of north america by right of either discovery or conquest. The surveying assistants then measure from the end of the baseline chain to the point. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines.
Surveying surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and. The distortion due to errors in measurement and plotting should be minimum. Surveying, defined surveying can be defined as 1 the science and art of making all essential measurements in space. To surveyors and collectors alike, the link chain symbolizes a rugged era, when surveying tools and techniques were literally defining america. Oct 30, 2011 chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. According to levy and lemeshow 1999, survey design involves two steps. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. This is suitable for the survey of small areas with simple details and an area that is fairly flat. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of.